1
î›©îœąîœ±2
î›żîœ±î›°îœ‹îœ„îœ±îœ’îœł îąČ -2023
  
î›ș 
(    )
 :    : 75
: îœČ   îąČ  ,  î›č      îąČ îœČîœ‹îî„Ą  îąČ îœźî›žîœîœ± 
î›č      îœčî„Ą  îąČ    îœžî“î„Ą
î›ș-
I. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:
() î›ș   
(î›č)   îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­   îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡î„Ą
II.         îœČîœźîœ‹îœ’îœ­îœ‰îœ±     î›č ?
î›ș-
       îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ   î›žîœ“îî„Ą
IV. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:-
()   
(î›č) î›ș î›œîą  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î î„Ą
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î›©îœąîœ±2
î›ș-
V.   îœč?      îą©îœ­îž„îœ­ î›žîœ“îî„Ą
VI. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:-
()   
(î›č) î›ș    
(î›ș)  î›ș    îźîœîœ­îœ“î„Ą
î›ș-
VII. î›č   îœč?     îœîœ‡îœ­î›šî›°î„Ą
VIII. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:-
() îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  îœč     îŁąîŸ…îœ‡îœ­î„Ą
(î›č)      îœČîœ°î  î›žîœ“îœ†î„Ą
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î›©îœąîœ±2
î›żîœ±î›°îœ‹îœ„îœ±îœ’îœł î›Ș -2023
  
î›ș 
(    )
 :    : 75
: îœČ   îąČ  ,  î›č      îąČ îœČîœ‹îî„Ą  îąČ îœźî›žîœîœ± 
î›č      îœčî„Ą  îąČ    îœžî“î„Ą
î›ș-
I. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:
() î›ș   
(î›č)   îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­   îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡î„Ą
î›Ș:  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­   
   îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­     îœč,        îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  
î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°   îœČ      îœźîœ‹îœ™îœ­îœźîœîœ’îœŒîƒ  îœąîîœ“îœ‡îœŒîƒ   
  îœčî„Ą  îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č î”îœžîœźîœ†îœ’îœŒîƒ  î›ș     îœč:
 
îœČ    î›Ș      î›Șî›ș, î›ș    
    îœČ      î›żîœ­îœ‹îœ± î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą
îœąîœŒîœźîœ‹îƒî›ș   î›ș:   î›ș  îœČ  î›Șî›ș îœČ     
î›ș-î›ș   îą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡   î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°, îœč   , îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ ,    
îž—îœžî©î„Ą
îœîœŻîœ“îœîƒî›œîœ“îœ†   îœč        î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°  î›Ș  
 î›ș ,      î›șîœźîœ‡îœźîœ™îœźîœŠîœ’îœŒîƒ    îą©îœ™îœŠîœ­îœ‹ îœžîœŒî„Ą
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î›©îœąîœ±2
  îœČ       î›č     î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,
    î›Ș     î›żîîœ“îœ‡îœŒîƒ  îœČ   îœČ  
î›șîœČ îœžîœŒî„Ą
 
  îœČ     , îœČ      îœč 
î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,    îœČî›ș    î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›° î›żîœŒ    îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ     îœžîœŒî„Ą
îœČ  îœč îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ, -  îœČ     îœČî›ș
 î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,    î›č  îœČî›č  îœČ   î„Ą
  îœČ: îœč,  î›ș       î›Șî›ș    îœČ
  îœîœźî›œ   îœč   î›ș   îœčî„Ą
îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡îœ‡îœ­  î›ș,    îœč îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡    î›Șî›ș  îœîœźî›œ
  îœč      îœčî„Ą
 
  îœźîœ‹îœ°îą»îœ’  :    ,   î›«î›żîœ­îŠ  îźî›œîœźîœ•îœ‡ 
  î›Ș   î›ȘîœČî›č   î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,  îœ’îœ­îƒîœźî©î›ž îœžîœ±îœźîœ‚îƒî›ș   î›ș  
 îœžîœŒî„Ą
î›«î›żîœ­îŠ :      î›«î›żîœ­îŠ-îœČ  îœČ, îœč îœČ, î›«î›żîœ­îŠ-îœČ 
î›č  î›Ș    î›żîœ­îœ‹îœ± î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,  î›«î›żîœ­îŠ  î›č  
      î„Ą
  î›șîœČ          
   î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,   , îœČ î›șîœČ    îœžîœŒî„Ą
îœźîœ‚î›žîœ­î›«          î›Ș  ,
  îœźîœ‚î›žîœ­î›«îœîœ‹    î›č  î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą
  îœč 
î›ș  îą©îœ°îž…î›ș îŁ•îœ­îœ‹î›»îœ“         î›ș îœČ
 î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,    î›șîœźîœ‡îœźîœ™îœźîœŠîœ’îœŒîƒ   îą©îœ°îž…î›ș        
î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą
    :     î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›° î›żîœŒ  îœ‘îœžîœ•î›żîœŒîœ• 
  , îœč îœč ,     ,  îœČ  îœČ   
 îœźîœ‘îœ•îœžî„Ą
îœČ  :  îœČ     î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,  î›Ș  
        î›č  î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,  îœČîœČî›ș  î›ș
îą©îœ°îž…   îœžî“î„Ą
5
î›©îœąîœ±2
îœźîœ‹î›żîœ±î›žîœ“îœ†  îœČ   îœźîœ‹î›żîœ±î›žîœ“îœ†  îœČ   îœČ  î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,  î›Ș
  î›ș  îą©îœ°îž…î›ș   îą©îž…         îœč
îœžîœŒî„Ą
  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­     îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  , î›șîœŽîœžîŁąîœ­îœ‘îœ±  îœČ   
     î›żîœŒ ,    î€ŠîœźîąŒ  ,    
 îœźîœ‹îœ™îœ­îœźîœîœ’îœŒîƒ    îœč     îœžîœŒî„Ą
II.         îœČîœźîœ‹îœ’îœ­îœ‰îœ±     î›č ?
î›Ș:     îœČ ,   îœČ      
îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ      îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č   î›ș     îœč:
   :
       îœč    î›Ș    îœčî„Ą   
îœîœłî›Ÿî  î›Ș      î›ș î›ș     îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ   
 î›șîœ­î„Ą î›Ș  , î›ș  ,       îœ‘îœ‹îœŒîœ“îƒî›żîœ‹ 
   îœč     îœč,   î›Č ,   
       î›șî–îœ‹îœŒîœźîœ‘î›ž îœČ    î›șîœ±î„Ą
    î›Ș      îœČ     î Ș îœČ î›ș
    îœîœ±îœŁîœîœ­îœŁ îœč       î›șîœ­î„Ą
  î›Șî›ș   î›ș    î›Ș îą©îœ°îž…î›ș , îœč 
 ,   ,     îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“ î›žîœ“îî„Ą
  îœč:
       îœč  îœČ  î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą     
î›żîœŒ   , î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  îœČ      î›žîœ“îî„Ą
îœ™îœ­îƒîœźî›Ÿîœ‡     ,   îœČ, ,   îœčîœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ‘î”îœ† , 
î›Ș î€ŠîœźîąŒ  îœČ    î›žîœ“îî„Ą
  ,         îœČ       
       îœČî›ș   îœžî“î„Ą
î›șîœČ  :
     î›żîœŒ            îœžîœŒî„Ą 
, î›Ș î›șîœČ           îœ‰îî„Ą
6
î›©îœąîœ±2
   î›Șî›ș  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“        î›żîœŒ  -   
 ,     î›ș      î›Ș îœČ    -
î›Șî›ș î›șîœ­î„Ą
 îœČ      îœźîœ™îą·îœîœ‹îœ±îœ’ î›Ș   îœč,    î›čîœČ  
      î›žîœ“îî„Ą
  î›șîœș:
    ,        î›Șî›ș  îœč  
î›ș, îœč , îœČ   îœźîœîŁ‘îœ“î„Ą
 îœČ        îœźîœ™î”îœ­îœ‘      îœč, îœČ , 
       î›žîœ“îî„Ą
î›»îœ“îœžîœ•îœł     ,    î›Șî›ș      îœČ   
   ,        îœč î›șî–îœ‹îœŒîœźîœ‘î›ž îœČ  
 îœ‰îî„Ą
îœČî›č   îœČ :
     î›żîœŒ  îźîœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœŒîƒ        î›żîîœ“îœ‡îœŒîƒ 
  îœČ      î„Ą
 îœČî›žîœŁîœŒîƒ  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“    , îœîœŻîœ“îœ™îœ‡îŠîœ‹îœ±îœ’   îœș  , 
 îœîœŻîœ“î€ŠîąŽîœŒîƒ  îœČ îœČîœ‹îą©îŠîœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡    î„Ą
îœČî›č      îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ   î›Ș î›ș   î›Șî›ș   îœč î›żîœŒ  
 îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­  -    î›č îœžî“î„Ą
î›čî›č  :
    î›čî›č      ,   , î›ș  
 î›č    îœžî“î„Ą
    îœČ     î›č-î›č   ,   
        î›żîœ­îœ‹îœ™îœ“îœŒîƒ    îœźîœ•î›°î„Ą
           î›żîœŒ îœč , î›ș î›ș   -   
îźîœźîœ‡îœ“îœŒîœŠîœ± îœžîœŒîƒî„Ą
  :
   î›č       ,  îœźîœ„îœ•îœ±îœ™îœ“îœ±,  
    î›ș    î›čîî„Ą
7
î›©îœąîœ±2
      î›șîœČ  îœ‰îœ±î›»îŠî›žîœ­îœźîœ•î›ž    î›žîœ“îî„Ą -, 
  , îœźîœ‚î›žîœ­î›« îœČ  îœˆîœŒîœŁîœ­        î›ș îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±  
îœčî„Ą
            îœźîœîąîœ±, î›Ÿîœł    
 îœźîœ™î›žîą™îœŒîƒ   î›žîœ“îî„Ą
 îœČ , ,  , î›șîœČ     îœČ  îœąîîœ“îœ± îœčî„Ą 
îœČî›č    îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  ,  îœîœłîœźî›œîœ‡        
        î›żîœŒ  îœąîîœ“îœ‡îœŒîƒ      îœčî„Ą
 î›č,      îą©îœ°îž…î›ș  îœč,   î›Šîœ‹îœłîœƒîœ± î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹îœšîœč,
     îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ   îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“   îœčî„Ą î›ș 
, îą©îœ°îž…î›ș              îœČ
îą©îœ°îž…îœ’îœŒîƒ      îœ„îœ“îî„Ą îœîœ­îœ™îœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±îœîœłîœ™îŠî›ž îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  ,     
  î›żîœŒ  îœč   îœč   îą©îœ­îœ™îœžîœ­îœŻîœ“î›ž     îœčî„Ą
î›ș-
       îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ   î›žîœ“îî„Ą
î›Ș:      îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ  îœîœŻîœ“î›œîœ’
        î›ș          îœčî„Ą
 î›ș, ,  îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­   îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­      îœ“îœ†îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡î›ž
î›Șî›ș  îœč,          î„Ą  
        , î›żîœŒ     îœČî›ș   
     î›ș îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ      îœžî“î„Ą
     -   î›Șî›ș    îœČ,
  î€ŠîœźîąŒî›ș   îœîąƒîœŒîœžî›ž      îœžî“î„Ą  îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ   :
îœČ
îœąîœŒîœ“
îœČ



8
î›©îœąîœ±2
 îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ    î›Ș îźîœ’îœŒî›ș  , î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“  îœźî›žîœîœ±     
 î›ș  îœ™îœ­îƒîœźî›Ÿîœ‡              îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± î›ș
     îœžî“î„Ą
     
1. îœČ
îœČ           îœčî„Ą    îœč î›żîœŒ îœČ  
îœč  îœč,  îœČ  îœč          îœžîœŒî„Ą îœČ   îœČ
 :
.  îœČ:   îœČ    îœč         
     îą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡   îœčî„Ą îœîœ‘îœźîœ‘îœ‡îœ±îœ’ îœČ  î›”îœî›œîœ­îœŻîœ“î›žîœ‡îœ­ 
   îą©îž…  îœčî„Ą
î›č.  îœČ: îœČ    îœč    î›ș-î›ș ,
      î›șîœč-   îą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡   îœčî„Ą    îœČ
 î›șîœźîœ‡îœšîœ±îœ•  î€ŠîœźîąŒî›ș   îœźîœ‰îœ•î›œîŁ™    îœčî„Ą
.  îœč îœČ    îœč         îœČ   
î›ș   îœč  îą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡   îœčî„Ą    îœČ   îœźîœ„îœąîœ­î›šîœ‹îœŒîƒ 
î›č  îœč   î›ș  î›«î›żîœ­îŠ   îœč   îœčî„Ą
  ,îœČ    î€ŠîœźîąŒî›ș       
 îœčî„Ą   î›”îœî›œîœ­îœŻîœ“î›ž, îœČîœîœźî›œîœîœłîœ†îŠ      îœČ 
î›Șî›ș   , îœîœźî›œ  î›șîœźîœ‡îœšîœ±îœ•îœ‡îœ­ î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‹îœž    îœČ,       îœČ
  î›č    îœČ  î›Șî›ș   îœžî“î„Ą
2. î›żîœŒîœ“
î›żîœŒîœ“   îœč î›żîœŒ îœźî›žîœîœ±       îœČ  îœč  îœźî›žîœîœ± îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ   î›Șî›ș
 îœčî„Ą    îœč  î Ș         
îœźîœ‰îœ•î›œîŁ™ îœČ     îœčî„Ą
    îœč     :
 îœč: îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡ , îœč   îœîœŒîą’ î›ș      îœČ, î›č  
  îœč     îœČ   îœčî„Ą î›č. îœč:    î›Șî›ș  î›żîœŒ 
   îœČ      îœč, î›żîœŒîœ“   îœčî„Ą î›ș. :     îœČî›č
  îœ“îœ†îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡î›ž   î›č, îœč             ,   
îœČ   îœčî„Ą . îœČ:    , îœč   îœč   îœî›żîœ­îœ™îœ‚îœ±  ,
î›żîœŒîœ“   îœîœźî›œ   îœč   îœčî„Ą
î›żîœŒîœ“   îźîœ’îœŒî›ș , î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“         îœČ  
   ,  îœČ   îœîœźî›œ   îœč   îœčî„Ą
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î›©îœąîœ±2
3. îœČ
îœČ îœźî›žîœîœ±             îœčî„Ą    îœč
î›żîœŒ îœČ  îœč  îœźî›žîœîœ±         î›č   îœžîœŒîƒî„Ą
   îœČ     î›ș    îœč:
îœč:  î›Ș -     îœč     îœźîœ‹îœ™îœ­îœźîœîœ’îœŒîƒ
   îœČ   î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą b.   :   î›ș-î›ș îœČî›žîœŁîœŒîƒ
   îœč    -    îœČ   î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą c.  
 :         îœČ   î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°,   îœČ   
   îœČ î›șîœžî„Ą d.  îœČ  : îœî›żîœ­îœ™îœ‚îœ± , îœč
 ,       îœč       îœČ  
î›œîœ­îœźîœžî›°î„Ą
îœČ  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  , î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“     î›č    
  î›żîœŒ   î›§îœ‘îƒîœźî©îœ‡  îœžîœŒî„Ą
4. 
   îœč î›żîœŒ îœźî›žîœîœ±    î›ș      îœč  îœčî„Ą  ,
îœč    îœČ îœč î›żîœŒ         î›ș  îœčî„Ą
           îœč:
. îœČ     îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ, î›ș          
 îœč   îœčî„Ą b. :     , îœč    î›ș î›ș
 îœźî›œî›žîœ‹îœ±    ,   îœč   îœžî“î„Ą c. î›ș:   ,
     -      î›ș   îœč   îœčî„Ą d.
:          , îœč   î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  îœ‰îœłîœîœ“îœ± î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­
,      îœč   îœčî„Ą
  î›Șî›ș  , î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“    î›č    îœČ  ,  î›ș
  îœîœźî›œ   îœč   îœčî„Ą
5. 
   îœč î›żîœŒ îœźî›žîœîœ±         îœč  îœčî„Ą 
  îœč î›żîœŒ îœČ  îœč           
îœČî›ș    î„Ą
           îœč:
. î›ș : îœČî›ș î›ș îœč      î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­   
î›ș   î›Șî›ș ,      î›ș   îœčî„Ą b.  :
       î›żîœŒ      , îœč îœźî›œî›žîœ‹îœ±  î›čîœČ ,
   îœč   îœžî“î„Ą c. îœč :  îœČ   îœźî›žîœîœ±   
10
î›©îœąîœ±2
       îœČî›ș îœč      ,  
  î›ș   îœžî“î„Ą d. î›ș :         
            îœč   îœčî„Ą
  îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  , î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“   îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ      î›żîœŒ îœČ, î€ŠîœźîąŒî›ș
  îœČî›č       îœžîœŒîƒî„Ą
6.  
    îœč î›żîœŒ      î›Șî›ș   îœîœźî›œ  î›żîœŒîœ“ îœč  îœčî„Ą 
  îœč  î›Șî›ș îœźî›žîœîœ±    î›Ș   î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‹îœž    
 îœčî„Ą
  ,          îœč:
. î›ș   î›ș  îœîƒîœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹   î›ș,  î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœîœźî›œ îœč   îœč
 î›č     îœčî„Ą b.   : îœźî›œî›žîœ‹îœ±  î›čîœČ ,  
 îœč   îœîƒîœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹, îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡îœ‡îœ­   î›ș   îœč   îœčî„Ą c.  
 :        î›č  îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡îœ‡îœ­      îœč 
 îœčî„Ą d. îœč  : îœČ   îœč   îœčîœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ‘î”îœ†,
î€ŠîąŽîœ‘îœ­îœ‹   îœźîœ‰îœ•î›œîŁ™       îœčî„Ą
   î›Șî›ș  , î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“       î›żîœŒ î€ŠîœźîąŒî›ș   î›șîœźîœ‡îœšîœ±îœ•
  ,      î›żîœŒ î›ș î›č      î›žîœ“îî„Ą
     îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ  î›ș 
   î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“ îœźîœ„îœąîœ­î›šîœ‹îœ“îœŒîƒ    î›Ș , îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž  î€ŠîœźîąŒî›ș  
        î›č   îœžî“î„Ą  îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ  
 î›ș  ,  îœ™îœ­îƒîœźî›Ÿîœ‡    îą©îœ­îœ™îœžîœ­îœŻîœ“î›ž       
       îœžî“î„Ą
î›Ș  ,    îœČ  î›Șî›ș   î›”îœî›œîœ­îœŻîœ“î›ž  îœČîœîœźî›œîœîœłîœ†îŠ
î›ș    îœč,    îœČ       îœźî›œîœ‘îœ‹îœ±    îœžîœŒî„Ą îœč
 ,         îœźîœ‘î”îœ†     î›șîœźîœ‡îœšîœ±îœ•  
îœźîœ‰îœ•î›œîŁ™      îœČ  î›Șî›ș   îœžî“î„Ą
   îœźî›žîœîœ± î›č        î›żîœŒîœ“    îœč, îœč 
   îœźîœŽîž›î›œîœ“      îœČî›žîœŁîœ­î„Ą  îœČ    îœČ î›ș
   îœč     î›Ș  îœč      î›ȘîœČ îœč,
       îœčî„Ą
  îœč, î›ș    îœČ        îœč, î›żîœŒ  
î›č      îœč      îœč  îœčî„Ą  î›ș
îœč    ,    î›Șî›ș    îœČ    
11
î›©îœąîœ±2
  îœč                
  îœžî“î„Ą
 ,    î›Șî›ș  îœîœźî›œ   î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‹îœž      îœč, îœč  
îœČ  îœČ    îœČ    î›żîœŒîœŁîœ‹îœ­   îœČî›č  îœč 
 îœîœŒîą’,  î›ș î›ș   î›žîœ“îœ‹îœ­î„Ą
  îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ    î›Ș î›ș  , î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“   îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ   
  î›żîœŒ    î›č   ,      î›Ș   
    îœČ îœžîœŒîƒî„Ą
îąș
   î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“ îœźîœ„îœąîœ­î›šîœ‹îœ“îœŒîƒ    î›Ș , î›żîœŒ    îœîąƒîœŒîœžî›ž 
      î›ș     î›č   îœžî“î„Ą  îœźîœî  îœ­îƒîœ‡îœŒîƒ
   î›ș  ,  îœ™îœ­îƒîœźî›Ÿîœ‡    îą©îœ­îœ™îœžîœ­îœŻîœ“î›ž     
         ,      îœČî›ș  
       îœčî„Ą
  îœČ, î›żîœŒîœ“, îœČ, ,   îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡îœ‡îœ­  î›Șî›ș    ,  
       î€ŠîœźîąŒî›žîœŒîœ†   ,  îœźîœ„î›żîœ­î›šîœ‹îœ“îœŒîƒ   
   îœźîœ‘îœ•îœ‡îœ± îœč î›żîœŒ    î€ŠîœźîąŒ     -   
      îœČ   îœžîœŒîƒî„Ą
IV. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:-
()   
(î›č) î›ș î›œîą  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î î„Ą
î›Ș:  
                îœžî“î„Ą   
î›č, , î›ș, , ,     îœžî“î„Ą       î›Šîœ‹îœłîœƒîœ±
     î›ș-î›ș         
   îœčî„Ą
î›č
î›č îœźî›žîœîœ±      îœč      îœčî„Ą î›č  î›Șî›ș 
            îœč,   , îœČ, , 
     (îŁ™îąŒ   î›č î›ș   îœČ î›ș)    îœžî“î„Ą î›č 
î›Șî›ș   îœźî›žîœîœ±   î›ș,      îœč       
îœčî„Ą
12
î›©îœąîœ±2
  
‱  : îœč, ,  
‱ îœČ î›č : , îœč,  îœČ
‱ - î›č î›șîœźîœ‡îœšîœ±îœ•, î›«î›żîœ­îŠîœ™îœ­îœ‹  
‱ îœźîœîƒîœ‰îœ±îœ‰îœ­îœ“   î›č ,   ,  
‱  :    îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­ î Ș îœČ î›ș

  î›č  îœźî›»îœ“îœ­   îœč,  îœźî›žîœîœ± îœČ      î›č îœčî„Ą 
îŸ›îœ­îœźîœ‘îœ‡îœ±îœ’ (îœč ,   îœźî©î›žîœŒîœ†)   (  îœČ-)   îœžî“î„Ą
 îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ  î›Șî›ș îœźî›žîœîœ±    îœč, îœČ  î›żîœŒîœ“       îœčî„Ą
 îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ  
‱ îŸ›îœ­îœźîœ‘îœ‡îœ±îœ’ :, î›ș, , îœźî©îœîœČ, î›§îœźîœ‰î„Ą
‱ îœč :îœČ ,     
‱  :     îœČ 
‱  :  îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ       
î›ș
î›ș îœźî›žîœîœ±  î›șî«îą©    î›ș,    îœčî„Ą î›ș  î›Șî›ș   ,
          îœčî„Ą î›ș î›œîą î›ș   
      î›Ș       î›Șî›ș î›Ș îœčî„Ą
î›ș 
î›ș î›œîą î›ș   î›ș îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­ îœč î›żîœŒ , î Ș   î›ș    
 îœčî„Ą  î›ș ,    ,    î›ș   î›ș  îœźîœ‘î”îœ†   îœžî“î„Ą
 î›ș
‱ ,   
î Ș î›ș
‱ î›ș ( + )
‱  ( + )
‱ î›ș ( + )
13
î›©îœąîœ±2
 î›ș
‱ -î›ș, -î›ș, -, -, -î›ș, -î›ș
î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­
î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î     îœźî›žîœîœ±       î›ș  îœîƒîœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹ îœžî“î„Ą
  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î :
‱ :  î›ș   ,     î›Șî›ș  îœč
‱ îœČ: î›ș î›œîą     î›ș   î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč (îœč, , -
, )
‱ : î›ș î›œîą      îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡ î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč (îœč,   , 
 î›ș,   î›ș)
‱ îœźî©î›§îœźîœ‰î›ž:î›ș î›œîą     îœč   î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč (îœč, , 
 )
‱ :î›ș î›œîą    î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč (îœč, , ,   )

 îœźî›žîœîœ± î›ș     î›ș   îœčî„Ą    îœźî›žîœîœ±      
 îœźîœ„î€îœ± îœčî„Ą   î›Șî›ș -   î›ș,   îœźî©-   îœč
      îœčî„Ą
î›ș,   
‱ î›ș:   î›ș   îœźîœ‘îœźî”îœ‡ î›ș, î›żîœŒ î›Ș   îœč
‱ :  î›ș   îœźîœ‘îœźî”îœ‡ î›ș, î›żîœŒ î›Ș î›ș  îœč
‱ :    îœźîœ‘îœźî”îœ‡ î›ș, î›żîœŒ î›Ș      

 îœźî›žîœîœ±     î›șîœČ îœč,    (    )  
(   )î„Ą  îœźî›œî›žîœ‹îœ±, î›čîœČ, î›«îœîœŁ-î›č, , îœč  îœźî›žîœîœ±   
î›șîœČ   îœčî„Ą
  
‱  :îœźî›žîœîœ±     î›șîœČ      îœč
‱  îœîœ‹îœ­îœ™îœ‚îœźî›žîœîœ±     î›żîœŒ îœźî›žîœîœ±       îœč
14
î›©îœąîœ±2

   îœč        îž—îœžî©î„Ą   (  îœČ
)   (    )   îœčî„Ą    îœźî›žîœîœ±  
î›ș, îœČ  î›żîœŒîœ“    îœč       îœčî„Ą
  
‱  :     îœČ 
‱  :   -  

 îœźî›žîœîœ± îœČ  îœźî©-  îœčî„Ą    îœč  îœźî›žîœîœ± îœČ     
  îœč    î›č  îœčî„Ą  îŸ›îœ­îœźîœ‘îœ‡îœ±îœ’ (îœč    )  îœč (îœč
   ,   )   îœčî„Ą
îœș  
‱ îŸ›îœ­îœźîœ‘îœ‡îœ±îœ’ : , î›ș, , î›§îœźîœ‰î„Ą
‱ îœč : îœČ ,     
îąș ,    - î›č, , î›ș, , ,    -     
  î›Șî›ș      î›č îœžî“î„Ą      î›Ș îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± î›ș 
îœč      îœč,  î›Ș     îœč î›żîœŒ    î›Ș
îœźîœ™îą¶îœžîœœîœ†   îœîœźî›œ î›č îœžî“î„Ą
î›ș î›œîą  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î
î›ș î›œîą î›ș   î›ș îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­ îœč î›żîœŒ  î›ș      îœčî„Ą   
  î›ș    î›Ș       î›Șî›ș î›Ș îœčî„Ą
î›ș î›œîą
î›ș î›œîą      12 îœČ î›ș     îœč,    î›ș (,
  ),  î Ș î›ș (î›ș,   î›ș)    î›ș (-î›ș, -
î›ș, -, -, -î›ș  -î›ș)  îœžî“î„Ą
î›ș î›œîą  î›Șî›ș  î›ș ( î›żîœŒ î›œîą     îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡  ), îœČ î›ș ( î›żîœŒ 
  î›ș   )  îœźî©î›§îœ’îœ­îœ‘îœ± î›ș ( î›żîœŒ î›œîą       îœč   ) 
       îœčî„Ą
î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­
î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­ îœźî›žîœîœ±          î›ș   îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ îœîƒîœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹ îœčî„Ą
  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î   î›ș î›œîą  î›Șî›ș     îœč:
î›ș
15
î›©îœąîœ±2
îœ‘îœŒîœ‹îœŒîąîœŒîœ‘îœč î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­    î›ș  î›ș-î›ș ,       
îœčî„Ą   îœČî›ș   îœČ îœč  îœčî„Ą
îœČ
 îœČ î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  î›ș î›œîą     î›ș   î›ș  î›Șî›ș   îœč, îœč
, -  îœžîœ“îœ­î„Ą       îœč  îœčî„Ą

 î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  î›ș î›œîą     îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡ î›ș  î›Șî›ș   îœč, îœč   
    î›șîœ±î„Ą   î›Ș-îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡, î›żîœ±îœ™îƒîœ‡   îœčî„Ą
îœźî©î›§îœźîœ‰î›ž
îœźî©î›§îœ’îœ­îœ‘îœ± î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­   î›ș  î›Șî›ș   îœč î›żîœŒ î›ș î›œîą      
îœč   , îœč  ,   îœ‹îœ±îœ•îœ­î„Ą   î›șîœźîœ‡îœšîœ±îœ•  îœČ îœČ  îœčî„Ą

 î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­   î›ș  î›Șî›ș   îœč î›żîœŒ î›ș î›œîą     î›ș   ,
îœč  , -î›ș, î›ș  -î›șîœ±î„Ą      îœČ îœč  îœčî„Ą
-
 - î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­   î›ș  î›Ș     î›ș  î›Șî›ș
 îœč, îœč  , -  -îœžîœ“îœ­î„Ą     îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  îœČ  
 îœîœźî›œ    î›Ș-îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡   îœčî„Ą
î›ș î›œîą   î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›Žîƒ      îœźîœ„î›żîœ­î›šîœ‹îœ“îœŒîƒ     î›ș 
î›Șî›ș    îœîœłîœźî›œîœ‡  îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±       îœčî„Ą
î›ș-
V.   îœč?      îą©îœ­îž„îœ­ î›žîœ“îî„Ą
î›ș î›œîą  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î
î›ș î›œîą  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î
: î›ș î›œîą   î›Ș îœč î›żîœŒ î›ș      îœčî„Ą  î›ș  
î›ș îą©îœ™îŁ•îœ­ îœč î›żîœŒ  îœč  î›ș îœč  îą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡    , î Ș  
î›ș    îœč   îœžî“î„Ą î›ș î›œîą  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›Žîƒ   , îœźîœ„î›żîœ­î›šîœ‹îœ“îœŒîƒ  î›ș
     îœźî›žîœîœ±  îą©îœ°îž…    îœčî„Ą
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î›©îœąîœ±2
î›ș î›œîą
 î›ș î›œîą  12 î›ș   î›żîœŒ  î›ș   îą©îœ™îœ°îŁ•îœ‡  îœžî“î„Ą  î›ș , 
  îœžî“î„Ą î Ș î›ș î›ș,   î›ș , î›żîœŒ   î›ș     îœžî“î„Ą
 î›ș     î Ș î›ș     ,  
-î›ș, -  -î›ș îœč î›ș  îœžî“î„Ą
î›ș î›œîą î›ș      îœč,  î›Șî›ș   îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡ î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î
      îœčî„Ą î›ș î›œîą      îœČ  îœČ :
 î›ș: ,   
î Ș î›ș: î›ș,   î›ș
 î›ș:  î Ș î›ș    î›ș
î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­
î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°î ,  î›ș        îœč, î›ș  îœîƒîœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹   î›Șî›ș ,
          îœčî„Ą î›ș î›œîą  î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›Žîƒ   
î›Ș îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± î›ș  îœč      îœč,      îœčî„Ą
 îœČ   î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›°îƒ  î›ș :
‱ î›ș:   î›ș  î›ș-î›ș ,        îœčî„Ą 
îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  îœČî›ș,  îœČ îœč  îœčî„Ą
‱ îœČ: î›ș î›œîą     î›ș   î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč, îœč , -
  îœžîœ“îœ­î„Ą  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­ î›č   îœč     îœč  îœčî„Ą
‱ :î›ș î›œîą      îœźîœ™îœîœ“îœ±îœ‡ î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč, îœč     
  î›șîœ±î„Ą  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­ î›Ș    îœč  î›č     îœčî„Ą
‱ -: î›ș  î›Ș   -   î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč, îœč
 , î›ș-  -î›șîœ‹îœ±î„Ą  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­    îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  îœČ 
    îœčî„Ą
‱ îœźî©î›§îœźîœ‰î›ž:  î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč î›żîœŒ î›ș î›œîą       îœč   ,
îœč  ,   îœ‹îœ±îœ•îœ­î„Ą  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­  îœîœŒîą’, î›żîœ±îœ™îƒîœ‡   îœčî„Ą
‱  (-): î›ș  î›Șî›ș  îœč î›żîœŒ î›ș î›œîą     î›ș  ,
  î›ș     îœžî“î„Ą  îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­    îœč,  îœČ 
îœČ îœ‡îœ±îœîœłîœ†îŠ   îœčî„Ą
 î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›Žîƒ  îœ“îœ†îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡î›ž î›Șî›ș     îœźî›žîœîœ±   ,    îœîœźî›œ
       îœčî„Ą    îœ™îœ­îƒîœźî›Ÿîœ‡    
       î›ș   îœîœ­îœ™îœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±îœîœłîœ™îŠî›ž îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“  îœžî“î„Ą
 î›ș î›œîą  ,         î›ș   , îœč  24-
î›ș î›œîą  48-î›ș î›œîąî„Ą   î›ș î›œîą î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›Žîƒ    î›čîœŒî›ż    
    îœžî“î„Ą
17
î›©îœąîœ±2
î›ș î›œîą   î Ș     î›ș îœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹îœ­î›Žîƒ   î›ș    
 îœźî›žîœîœ±  îą©îœ°îž…    îœČîœźîœ‹îœ’îœ­îœ‰îœ±   îœč,    , î€îœ­îœźîœŽî›ž ,
î›šîƒîœ‚îœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ“ , îœč   îœźî›žîœîœ±     îœžîœŒî„Ą î›ș    îą©îœ­îœ™îœžîœ­îœŻîœ“î›ž
îœČîźîœ’îœŒî›ș           îœîąƒîœŒîœžî›ž  îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±   
      îœčî„Ą
VI. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:-
()   
(î›č) î›ș    
(î›ș)  î›ș    îźîœîœ­îœ“î„Ą
î›Ș:   
, , îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­    îœč  î›șî›żîœ‹î›žîœŒîƒ  î›č   
îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ± îœčî„Ą    îœČ  :    îœČ  îźîœźîœ‡îœ“îž—îœ­î„Ą
 
    î›č      îœčî„Ą        îœč
     îœźî›žîœîœ± î›șîœČ         îœčî„Ą 
   :
‱ îœîœœîœźîœ‡î›ž    , îą¶îœžîŁ†îœ­ îœźîœ€îąŸîœ±     î›șî›żîœ‹î›žîœŒîƒ  
                 îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœîž—î›žî›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­ î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ îœčîąîœŒîœŽîœž   îĄŠîœłîœ‚îŒîœŒîœźîœŽîœ• îœč î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ î›șî›żîœ‹î›žîœŒîƒ  î›ș
   îœ‹îąŒ   îœžî“î„Ą
‱    î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ  î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ    î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›Žîƒ   
 îœ‹îąŒ  îœžî“î„Ą
‱  îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±:îźîœŒîœ‚îœ±îœ‹îœŒîƒ    î›żîœŒ î›șî›żîœ‹î›žîœŒîƒ  îœ‹îąŒ       
  îœčî„Ą
‱  î›Ș:   îœźî›žîœîœ±     îœč,    îœîœŁî›žîœ­î›«
     îœč,   ,   î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœč,  î›șîœČ   
     îœčî„Ą
  î›șîœč-îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ  îœč  îœźî›žîœîœ± î›ș  -      îœČ
  îœčî„Ą   î›șî›żîœ‹î›žîœŒîƒ         îœčî„Ą
îœČ  
îœČ   îœîƒîąîœ‘îœ†îœŒîƒ  î›č   îœ‰îœłîœîœ“îœ±   îœčî„Ą   îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ îœč 
î›șî›żîœ‹î›žîœŒîƒ           îœčî„Ą îœČ     :
18
î›©îœąîœ±2
‱  î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ : î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ  îœșîœ„îœ±î›ż î›Ș  , î›żîœŒ îźîœŒîœ‚îœ±îœ‹   î›żîœŒ îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ
î›șîœČ     î›Ș îœ‹îąŒ    îœźî›œîœźîŁ„îœ‡  îœžî“î„Ą
‱  î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ  î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ  î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›Žîƒ        
        îœžî“î„Ą
 î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°îƒ   , îœČ     î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°î    î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›Žîƒ    
î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœžî“î„Ą  î›žîœŒîœźîœšî›žîœ­î›°î î›Ș î›ș    î›Ș  îœČ     îœč
 , î›ș î›Ș    îœčî„Ą
îœČ       î›ș îœč,        îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ 
îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± îœčî„Ą  î›ș  -        îœč,    
      îœčî„Ą
  îœČ             îœžî“î„Ą 
 , î›șîœč-îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ    îœč,  îœČ     
     îœČ   îœčî„Ą
î›ș    
î›ș    îœč î›żîœŒ î›°îœ„îœ±îœą , îœČ   î›°îœ„îœ±îœą î›°îœźî›żîĄîœ±  î›°îœ„îœ±îœą î›°îą›îœŒîœźîœîžƒîœ
îźî›żîœ­îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ î Ș îœč  îœčî„Ą î›ș         î›żîœ­îœ‹î›žîœ­îœ“îœ±   î›ș îœč:
î›ș  
î›ș î›ș     îœč,   î›ș-î›ș  (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3
 DENV-4)  îœžî“î„Ą       î›ș-î›ș   î›żîœŒ î›ș îœČî›č 
   îœžî“î„Ą
î›ș  îœČ    î›°îœ„îœ±î›ż     îœČîŁˆîœŒîƒ  îœč  îœčî„Ą   
     îœźî›žîœîœ±  îą©îœ°îž…  î›č  î›żîœŒ       îœčî„Ą  
    îœč    îœźî›žîœîœ± îą©îœ°îž…   îœč    î›ș  îœč   îœčî„Ą

îœČ
  , î›ș îœźîœ‹îĄ»îœźîœ•îœ°î›č îœ‘îœ­î Żîœ‘îœŒîƒ   îœč   îœč:
‱  îœ‚îŒîœ­îƒîœî„†îœ’îœłî›żîœ‹îœ„îî›ș      î›Ș    îœč   îœčî„Ą
‱ î›ș îźî ‘îœ­îœ“îœŒîœîœ†:î›ș   î›ș    îœč   îœčî„Ą
‱    î›ș   î›Ș    îœč   îœčî„Ą
î›ș  
î›ș  îœčîœźîą·î›ž   îœźî›œîƒîœ‡îœ­   îœč,  îźî›žîœŒîœ îœČ   î›ȘîŁî›žîœźîœ‚îœîƒîœŠîœ±îœ’
 î›ȘîœîœŒîŁî›žîœźîœ‚îœîƒîœŠîœ±îœ’    îœčî„Ą î›ș   îœČ   î›°îœ„îœ±î›ż    
 î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž    îœčî„Ą
î›°îœ„îœ±î›ż î›°îœźî›żîĄîœ±  î›ș     îœčî„Ą   îœČ     -
     îœč,   î›č, î›ŸîœŒîœŁîœž î›ș        îœč î›č
      îœčî„Ą
19
î›©îœąîœ±2
î›°îœ„îœ±î›ż î›°îą›îœŒîœźîœîžƒîœ ,  "î›°îœźîœšîœ’îœ­î›© î›ș "       îœč, î›ș 
î Ș  îœčî„Ą    îœČ  îœč         
 îœčî„Ą
î›ș    î›ș      :
‱ îœčîą·îœ±î›žîœ“îœ†  îœčîœźîą·î›ž   îą©îœ­îœîœ­îœ“     î›ș     
   î›ș îœč, îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž  îą©îœ°îž…   î›Ș       
î›°îœ„îœ±î›ż    îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœČ :      îœč    î›°îœ„îœ±îœą  
 î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž    îœč,  î›Ș          îœčî„Ą
‱ îœšîœžîœ“îœ±î›žîœ“îœ†îœ‡îœžî›żîœ±        îŁ•îœ•îœŒîƒ       î›ș
     î›ș  îœčî„Ą
‱ îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±  îœźîœ‹îœ’îƒî©îœ†  :  îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± îœźîœ‹îœ’îƒî©îœ†  î›Ș  î›ș  
îœČ îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ, îœč  îŁ•îœ•îœŒîƒ  î›č     î›Șî›ș,  î›°îœ„îœ±î›ż 
  îœč      îœčî„Ą
î›ș  îźî›žîœŒîœ    îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡        îœč,  
î›č   îœźîœ‹îœ’îƒî©îœ† î›Ș   îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡   îœčî„Ą
 î›ș    
 ()   î›ș îœč î›żîœŒ îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ‘ îœČ îœ•îœŒîœźîœîœ  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ­îœ†îœČ  
 îœčî„Ą  îœČ    îœŽîœŁîœŒîƒ    îœč,     î›ș   îœč  
îœčî„Ą           î›żîœ­îœ‹î›žîœ­îœ“îœ±  î›ș îœč:
 î›ș  
 îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ‘ îœČ îœ•îœŒîœźîœîœ  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ­îœ†îœČ    îœč, î›żîœŒ  î›ș  
, î›ŸîœŁ    î›żîœ±îœ™îœ­îœ†îœČ îœč î›żîœŒ     îœŽîœŁîœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą   î›ș 
îœîœ±îœźîœŁîœ‡ îą©îœ°îž…  î›č,      î›żîœ±îœ™îœ­îœ†îœČ     îœč  îœžî“î„Ą
  îą©îœ°îž…  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ­îœ†îœČ       îœč,  î›Ș      îœčî„Ą
,     îą©îœ°îž…     î›șîœ±î„Ą     îœČ  :
î›șîœČ  :  , îą©îœ°îž…  îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­    îœČ îœč,  
îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±   îœźîœ‹îœ’îƒîœźî©îœ‡    îœčî„Ą îą©îœ°îž…     îœč   îœ‰îœłîœîœ“îœŒîƒ  
 îœč   îœčî„Ą
  î›ș:  , îą©îœ°îž…   îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­  îœźîœ‹îœ’îƒîœźî©îœ‡  
  îœč,  îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­   îœč   îœč  îœčî„Ą   î›ș  îœîœ±îœźîœŁîœ‡
îą©îœ°îž…     îœ‰îœłîœîœ“îœŒîƒ   îœč   îœčî„Ą
  î›ș    î›żîœŒîœ°î›č       :
î›žîœ‘îœąîœŒîœ“  îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ± (îœč, /,    îœČ    )
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î›©îœąîœ±2
îœČ 
îœČ
îČ

îœČ  îœźî›œîœźî›žî –îœ±îœ’  î›żîœŒ  îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±    
 î›ș  
 îœČ       îœč  îœč    î›ș  îœîœ±îœźîœŁîœ‡ îą©îœ°îž… î›č, 
  îœčî„Ą îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­  -  î›ș î Ș         îœč,
    îœčî„Ą
        îœč,   :
‱ îœźî›žîœîœ±  îą©îœ°îž…    î›żîœŒîœ°î›č    îœč  
 îą©îœ°îž… îœźî›žîœîœ±  îą©îœ°îž…   îœ•îĄŸîœž       îœč 
  î›ș îœčî„Ą
‱   îœČ  î›ș î›č   îœîœ±îœŁ      îœč 
îœč,  îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­      îœžî“î„Ą
‱  :î›žîœ‘î›żîœŒîœ“  îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  î›ș, îœč /  îœîœ±îœźîœŁîœ‡ î›ș,
      î›ș        îœžî“î„Ą
‱ - î›ș,     î›č  îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡   
  î›ș   îœč, îžîœŒîƒîœźî›ž   î›ș   î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡   î›Ș 
     îœžî“î„Ą
‱ î›șîœźîœ‡îœšîœ±îœ•îœ‡îœ­  :î›ș  î›§îœ™îœ­î›żîœ­îœžîœ±,    î›ș  îœîœ±îœźîœŁîœ‡ î›ș
 î›§îœ™îœ­î›żîœ­îœžîœ±  î›ș   î›șîœŒîœźîœ•î›ž   îœč   îœčî„Ą
      ,   î›ș  î€îŁ‘ î›ș     î›Ș
î›Ș   îœč,    îœźîœ‹îœ’îƒî©îœ† î›Ș  î›ș    îœč, îœč
î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡ , îą©îœ°îž…î›ș îœČ î›Ș  î›Șî›ș   îą©îœ°îž…îœ’îœŒîƒ  î›ș î›čîœ‹îœ­î„Ą
îœČ  ,    îœČ   îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ‘ îœČ îœ•îœŒîœźîœîœ îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­  
       îœč,   ,    
  î›żîœŒîœ°î›č  î›ș  îœźîœ‹îœ’îƒîœźî©îœ‡       îœžî“î„Ą
21
î›©îœąîœ±2
î›ș-
VII. î›č   îœč?     îœîœ‡îœ­î›šî›°î„Ą
î›Ș:: î›č   îœč?
î›č ,  î›č         îœč,     
 îœč  îą©îœ°îž…   î›č îœîœŒî›żîœ‹         , î›Șîąîœ±, 
/    îœč   îœČ  îœčî„Ą    îœč   îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­,
, îœîœ“î›żîœ±îœ™îœ±     îœîœŒî›żîœ‹            îœžî“î„Ą
î›č  îœžîą‹îœ±   î›ș    îœč,  îœČ   ,  î›żîœ±îœ™îœ‹   
î›č   îœč,    î›žîœ‘î›żîœŒîœ“ î›ș îœč   , , î›ș  
î›žîœ‘î›żîœŒîœ“  îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  îą©îœ°îž…îœ’îœŒîƒ  îœźîœ•î›°î„Ą
î›č   
î›č        îœč,   :
‱ îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­:îœČ    îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­, îœč  îœîœ­îąîœŒîœ‹îœžîœ•îœ­, î›°î€Ÿî›œîœžîœŻîœ“îœźî›œîœ’îœ­  (. ),
, îœș îœČ  îœčîœźîœŽîœ•îœŒî›žîœŒî›žîœ î›Č, îœîœŒî›żîœ‹   
   î›č  îœîœ±îœ‘îœ­îœŻîœ“îœ’îœŒîƒ     îœžî“î„Ą  îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­ îœČîœźî›œîœ‡  
   î›ș îœîœŒî›żîœ‹    ,      î›żîœŒ î›ș 
   îœžî“î„Ą
‱     îœč   î›č     
îœžî“î„Ą    îœîœŒî›żîœ‹        î›č  î Ș îœč  
îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœîœ“î›żîœ±îœ™îœ±:î›ș  îœźîąîĄîœŒîŁ™îœŒîœŻîœ“îœźîœ„îœ’îœ‘ îœč îœČ  îœîœ“î›żîœ±îœ™îœ± îœîœŒî›żîœ‹      
   î›č îœîœ±îœ‘îœ­îœŻîœ“îœ’îœŒîƒ     îœžî“î„Ą
‱ :,  îœČ   î›Ș îœč     îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  
      î›č    îœčî„Ą
‱  :îœČ          , îœč  îœČ  ,
  î›č      , î›č  îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  î›Ș   îœžî“î„Ą
î›č   îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ  î›ș-î›ș   ,      î›ș 
  ,   î›ș ,  îą©îœ°îž…   îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±     
 îœčî„Ą
î›č   
î›č           ,    
 :
‱ î›żîœ± îœźîœ‘î›œîœ•îœ­îœ‹îœ­
22
î›©îœąîœ±2
‱ î›Șîąîœ± 
‱ 
‱   
‱ îœČî›č
‱ 
‱ 
  îœîœŒî›żîœ‹        îœČ     îœČ  îœźîœ‰îœ‹îœŒîƒ    î›č 
î›ș îœžî“î„Ą îœČ   ,   îŁč  î›č  , îœč  îœČ  îœîœ“î›żîœ±îœźîœ™îœ’îœŒîƒ  
       îœčî„Ą
î›č   
î›č     , îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡   , îœč   
  îœčî„Ą î›č       îœČ  îœČ   î›ș :
îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  î›ș  îœč:
‱ îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  î›Ÿîœł         îœČ       î„Ą
‱ îœș-          î›č   î›ș-î›ș î›čîî„Ą
‱     îœîœŒî›żîœ‹   î›ș-î›ș î›ș     î›Șî›ș î›žîœ“îî„Ą
‱  îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­     îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  îœČ îœČ   
 î„Ą
‱  î›č   î›č   îœČ   î›č  î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡  (40°F  4°C 
)  î›čîî„Ą
‱ îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  îœ•îĄŸîœž        î›čîî„Ą
‱      îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡   î›ș î›žîœ“îî„Ą
îœîœŒî›żîœ‹    :
‱    îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ î›č  î›č        î›żîœ­îƒî›œ î›žîœ“îî„Ą
‱    , îœČî›ș,   îœČ îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ î›č  îœî›œîî„Ą
‱    î›żîœ­îƒî›œ   îœźî›žîœîœ±    î›č î›č     îœ‰îî„Ą
‱    îœîœ°îĄ„îœ’îœŒîƒ  î›č      îœ•îî„Ą
îą©îœ°îž…î›ș   î›č :
‱ -   ,       î›Șî›ș   ,  îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ î›Ÿîœł  
,   î›żîœ­îœ‹îœ™îœ“îœŒîƒ  î›Ÿîœł   îœîœ­îœ‰î„Ą
‱    ,  î›Șîąîœ±     ,  îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  î›Ÿîœł   îœî›œîî„Ą
‱  îœČ   îą©îœ­îœ™îœîœ­îœźîœ’î›ž îŁ•îœ­îœ‹îœŒîƒ  î›č    î›ș î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡  
î›č îœČ îźîœŒîœ‚îœŒî›žîœș   î›žîœ“îî„Ą
îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ :
‱  î›č   î›č   î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡     îŻîœ±î›żîœ“  î›čîî„Ą
23
î›©îœąîœ±2
‱ îœș-            î›č   î›ș-î›ș
î›čîî„Ą
‱ îœźî›žîœîœ±   î›č      î›żîœŒ îœ•îĄŸîœž       î›č î›ș îœžîœŒî„Ą
‱    î›č    îœČ     î›žîœ“îî„Ą
îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ îœč   î›Ș:
‱ îœîœŒî›żîœ‹ îœč    ,   î›Ș       
î›žîœ“îî„Ą
‱     îœîœŒî›żîœ‹   î›ș-î›ș î›ș   î›Șî›ș î›žîœ“îî„Ą
‱ îœČ    î›č             î›Ș
    îœžîœŒî„Ą
î›č     :
‱  î›°î›żîîœźîœîœ’îœŒîƒ   î Ș î›żîœ­îœ“îœ± î›č     îœČ   
  î›żîœ­îœ‹î›žîœ­îœ“îœ± î›čîî„Ą
‱  î Ș î›č   îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  îœČ îœČ     îœș   
 î›ș îœźîœ‹îœ‰î‘îœšîœŒîƒ   î›žîœ“îî„Ą
‱   î›Ș    ,  î›č   î›żîœŒîœ°î›č     
        îœźîźîœ’î›żîœ‹îœŒîƒ       îœžî“î„Ą
îąș
î›č   î›ș   îœźî›œîƒîœ‡îœ­ îœč  î›ș      
î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡      î›żîœ­î›°î„Ą î›č       îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± 
îœ“îœ†îœ‹îœ±îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ  î›ș      î›č  î›č  îœîœ±îœ‘îœ­îœŻîœ“îœ’îœŒîƒ  îœČ  
 î›č       îœčî„Ą î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡ î›č î›ș, îœč  
    ,   î›č îœČ     î›żîœ­îœ‹î›žîœ­îœ“îœ± î›č, îą©îœ°îž… î›č
  î›żîœŒîœ°î›č  î›čîœČ    îœîœŻîœ“îœ™îœ­îœ“îœŒîƒ       î›Ș  îœžî“î„Ą
VIII. îœźî›žîœîœ±   îœźîœ‚îĄ”îœ†îœ± î›č:-
() îœîœŒî›żîœ‹  îœč     îŁąîŸ…îœ‡îœ­î„Ą
(î›č)      îœČîœ°î  î›žîœ“îœ†î„Ą
î›Ș:    îœČî   
  îœČ        îœč,   îœČ   
     îœČ     îœČ        îœčî„Ą
îœČîœźî›œîœ‡   î›Șîœî›œîœ­îœŻîœ“îœ‡  îœČîœî›œîœ­îœŻîœ“îœ‡          , îœč
îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­, ,  îœČ  , î›żîœŒ   î›ș  î›żîœŒîœ°î›č îœč   îœžî“î„Ą
24
î›©îœąîœ±2
 î›č ,           î›ș î›ș      
 , îœČ    îœźîœ™îą·îœîœ‹îœ±îœ’  îœČ        îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±
   î›șîœžî„Ą
 îœČ  
        îœîœ±îœ‘îœ­îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­î   ,   :
‱ î›żîœ±îœ™îœ­îœ°îŸŒî›ž îœîƒîąîœ‘îœ†î›°î€Ÿî›œîœžîœŻîœ“îœźî›œîœ’îœ­  (. ), îœîœ­îąîœŒîœ‹îœžîœ•îœ­  î›ș îœč îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­
î›ș î›żîœƒîœ“îœ­îƒî©   îœč   ,  , î›Șîąîœ±     îœč
îœč     îœžî“î„Ą
‱      îœč        îœč 
 ,  îœČî›č,   îą·îœîœ‹      î›Ș  
îœžî“î„Ą
‱ îœîœ“î›żîœ±îœ™îœ± î›ș  îœźîąîĄîœŒîŁ™îœŒîœŻîœ“îœźîœ„îœ’îœ‘ îœč îœîœ“î›żîœ±îœ™îœ± î›ș ,   
    îœč   îœžî“î„Ą
‱  

     îœČ,      
   îœ‰îœ±î›»îŠî›žîœ­îœźîœ•î›ž     ,  îœ‡îƒîœźî©î›žîœ­   , î›ș 
    îœžî“î„Ą
,      î›čîœČ     î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡    îœčî„Ą 
 îźîœ‰îœłîœœî›žîœŒîƒ  ,   îœČ         î›żîœŒ
    îœČ     î›ȘîœČ îœčî„Ą
    îœČ  
    îœČî      îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±  ,        îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“ îœžî“î„Ą
  îœČ     î›șîœČ,        îœč  
 î›șîœ­î„Ą  îœČ     î›Șî›ș     îœČ   î›ș :
î›Ș:
 îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­        î›Ș    îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±  
  îœčî„Ą
  î›Ș      1   î›Ș  (     3  ) 
 îœČ îœČ   î„Ą
  îœîŁ‘îœ± îœč    îœźî›žîœîœ±  î›Ș    ,  
 î›ș  îœč    îœîƒîœ‰îœłîœœî›žîœŒîƒ, îœč  îœČ        
îœî›žîœ‡îœ±î„Ą
25
î›©îœąîœ±2
:
      îœîœ­îœ‘îœźî€îœ’îœŒîƒ  î›Șî›ș  , îœč  , 
  î›ČîŁîœŒîœźîœîœ îœźîœ€îąŸîœ±, î›żîœŒ îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­, ,  îœČ      
îźîœ‰îœłîœœî›žîœŒîƒ     î›Șî›ș  î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœžî“î„Ą
  î›Șî›ș    (îœč,      )      (îœč, 
  )     îœžî“î„Ą
 îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ   îźîœîœ­îœ™îœšîœ±îœ•îœ‡îœ­  î›č        
  îœč,  î›ș îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±      î›șîœČ     
 îœčî„Ą
     îœČ:
  îœˆîœŒîœŁîœ±      îœČ , îœč   îœîœŒîœźîœ„îœ’îœ‘
   îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­    îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± î›ș  îœ‹îąŒ    îœčî„Ą
   î›Șî›ș     îœ°îŁ•îœźîœ‡îœ’îœŒîƒ      îœîœ±îœźîœ‘îœ‡   
  î›Ș     îœčî„Ą
 îœČ         îœČ îœč, îœîœ­îœ™îœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±îœîœłîœ™îŠî›ž î›čîœČ  
 îœč,  î›Șîœî›œîœ­îœŻîœ“îœ‡   îœČ     î›ș   îœčî„Ą
î›ș :
î›ș (îœ’îœłîœ™îœ±)    î›Șî›ș     îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­,    îœîœłîž˜î›żîœ±îœ™îœŒîƒ
 îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ± î›ș    îœčî„Ą
..       î›Șî›ș   î›żîœŒ   î›șîœČ   
îœČ    ..  î›Ș  îœčî„Ą
.. îźîœ†îœ­îœźîœ•îœ’îœŒîƒ     î›Ș î›čî›č     îœč,    
  î›ș    ,    îœČ   îœč  îœîƒîœ‰îœłîœœî›žîœŒîƒ   
 îœžî“î„Ą
:
    îœč    î›Ș    îœîƒî›»îœźîœ‹îœ‡  îœčîžƒîœ±îœŻîœ“îœ’îœ­,
,  îœČ  î›čîœźîœ‹î›żîœŒîƒ     îźîœ‰îœłîœœî›žîœŒîƒ    îœčî„Ą
     îœČ     îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±   ,   î›«î›żîœ­îŠ-
î›ș     îœČ  îœ™îœ­îŁƒîœšîœ±îœ•   î›ș   îœČ     îœžî“î„Ą
       îœČ ,     î›șîœČ,    
 îœźîœ™îœźîœšîąŒ ,        îœč   îœźîœ™î›œîœ­îœ“ 
 îœčî„Ą   î›șîœČ  îœČ  î›Ș   îœČ    
îœźîœ„îąîœ“îœžîœšîœ‹  îœČ îœč   îœîƒîœ’îœŒî›żîœ‹  î›Șî›ș     î›żîœ­îœ‡îœ± îœčî„Ą
26
î›©îœąîœ±2
î›čî›č  î›ș
‱        îœČ,    î›čî›č   îœČî   
î›ș   î›șîœČ  î›ș  îœąîîœ“îœ± îœčî„Ą   :
‱  î Ș îœČ îœČ    î›Ș    î›žîœ“îœ‹îœ­î„Ą
‱ îźîœ‰îœłîœœî›žîœŒîƒ       îœČ îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±      
îœČ î›žîœ“îœ‹îœ­î„Ą
‱ -  îœČî    î›ș       îœČ     
î›ș  î›șîœČ   îœźîœ‰îœšîœ­îœźîœ‹îœ‰î‘îœšîœŒîƒ  îœČ îœčî„Ą
   îźîœ†îœ­îœ•îœ±  î›Șîœźî›œîœ‡ î›čî›č     î›șîœČ  î›ș  , 
 îœČ            , îœČ  
îœźîœ™îą·îœîœ‹îœ±îœ’  î›șîœ­î„Ą
îąș
, îœČ    îœČ   î›»îœ“îœžîœ•îœł   î›č   
 îœčî„Ą îźîœîœ­îœ™îœ±   îœźîœ™îœźîœŠîœ’îœŒîƒ  î›ș  ,      îœîœ±îœ‘îœ­îœŻîœ“îœ’îœŒîƒ 
 îźîœ‰îœłîœœî›žîœŒîƒ      î›żîœŒîœ°î›č    îœžî“î„Ą
     î›Ș, îœźîœ„îąîœ“ , îœČ     îœČ ,
          î›żîœ­îœ‹î›žîœ­îœ“îœ± î›č  îœčî„Ą 
  îœČî        î›Ș,         
î›ș     , îœČ   îœźîœ™îą·îœîœ‹îœ±îœ’       
    îœžî“î„Ą
"  îœč î›Șî žîœžîąŽîœŒîƒ   îœîœ­îœ™îœŠîœ­îœ‹îœ±îœîœłîœ™îŠî›ž îœč  î›ș îœčî„Ą    î›ș 
 îœč     îœČ îœč,      î›žîœ“îî„Ą"